Other organisations of European countries, such as the OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the Western European Union have parliamentary assemblies as well, but the members of these assemblies are appointed by national parliaments. The European Parliament is directly elected by the people of the European Union and has some restricted legislative power.

• The system must be a form of proportional representation, under either the party list or Single Transferable Vote system.
• The electoral area may be subdivided if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system.
• Any election threshold on the national level must not exceed five percent.

The allocation of seats to each member state is based on the principle of digressive proportionality, so that, while the size of the population of each country is taken into account, smaller states elect more MEPs than would be strictly justified by their populations alone. As the number of MEPs granted to each country has arisen from treaty negotiations, there is no precise formula for the apportionment of seats among member states. No change in this configuration can occur without the unanimous consent of all governments.

The most recent elections to the European Parliament were the European elections of 2004, held in June of that year. These elections were the largest simultaneous translational elections ever held anywhere in the world, since nearly 400 million citizens were eligible to vote.

	Member State		Entry Year in EU	Seats in EU	Votes in EU
1		Germany	1957	99	29
2		Italy	1957	78	29
3		France	1957	78	29
4		United Kingdom	1973	78	29
5		Poland	2004	54	27
6		Spain	1986	54	27
7		Romania	2007	35	14
8		Netherlands	1957	27	13
9		Greece	1981	24	12
10		Hungary	2004	24	12
11		Belgium	1957	24	12
12		Czech Republic	2004	24	12
13		Portugal	1986	24	12
14		Sweden	1995	19	10
15		Bulgaria	2007	18	10
16		Austria	1995	18	10
17		Finland	1995	14	7
18		Denmark	1973	14	7
19		Slovakia	2004	14	7
20		Ireland	1973	13	7
21		Lithuania	2004	13	7
22		Latvia	2004	9	4
23		Slovenia	2004	7	4
24		Luxembourg	1957	6	4
25		Estonia	2004	6	4
26		Cyprus	2004	6	4
27		Malta	2004	5	3

Since September 26, 2005, Bulgaria has 18 observers in Parliament and Romania has 35. These are selected from government and opposition parties as agreed by the countries' national parliaments. In 2007 these observers will become MEPs, but their number is expected to decrease when the number of seats assigned to each country is reassessed, according to the Treaty of Nice.

 Powers & Functions

In some respects, the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers resemble the upper and lower houses of a bicameral legislature. Neither the European Parliament nor the Council of Ministers may initiate EU legislation, this power being reserved by the Commission, and the fact that the European Parliament cannot itself propose laws makes it different from most national legislative assemblies.
 

However, once a proposal for an EU law or directive has been introduced by the Commission, it must usually receive the approval of both Parliament and Council in order to come into force. Parliament may amend and block legislation in those policy areas that fall under the co decision procedure, which currently make up about three-quarters of EU legislative acts. Remaining policy areas fall under either the assent procedure or (in a very few cases) the consultation procedure; under the former Parliament has power to veto but not formally amend proposals, while under the latter it has only a formal right to be consulted. The European Parliament controls the EU budget, which must be approved by the Council in order to become law.

The President of the European Commission is chosen by the European Council, but must be approved by Parliament before she or he can assume office. The remaining members of the Commission are then appointed by the President, subject to approval of Parliament. Other than its president, members of the Commission are not confirmed by the European Parliament individually; rather, Parliament must either accept or reject the whole Commission en bloc.
 

The European Parliament exerts a function of democratic supervision over all of the EU's activities, particularly those of the Commission. In the event that Parliament adopts a motion of censure, the entire Commission must resign (formally, Commissioners cannot be censored individually). However, a motion of censure must be approved by at least a two-thirds majority in order to have effect.
 

Parliament also appoints the European Ombudsman.

Under the proposed new Constitution for Europe, Parliament's powers would be enhanced, with almost all policy areas coming under co-decision, greater powers of democratic scrutiny for Parliament, and control over the whole EU budget.

Although Brussels is generally treated as the 'capital' of the European Union, and the two institutions of the EU's executive, the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, both have their seats there, a protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam requires that the European Parliament have monthly sessions in Strasbourg. Thus the European Parliament is sometimes informally referred to as the 'Strasbourg Parliament' and Strasbourg as the democratic (opposed to bureaucratic) capital of Europe. For practical reasons, however, preparatory legislative work and committee meetings take place in Brussels. Moreover, the European Parliament's secretariat (administration), which employs the majority of its staff, is located in Luxembourg, which itself used to host plenary sessions of the parliament.

Parliament only spends four days of each month in Strasbourg in order to take its final, plenary votes. Additional plenary meetings are held in Brussels. On several occasions, the European Parliament has expressed a wish to be granted the right to choose for itself the location of its seat, and eliminate the two-seat system, but in the successive treaties, EU member state governments have continued to reserve this right for themselves. While they did abandon the third seat of Parliament, Luxembourg, two decades ago, the rival demands of Belgium (Brussels) and France (Strasbourg) to base parliament in their state has prevented a final agreement as to which city would become the sole seat of parliament.

Moving various files and equipment between the two cities takes 10 large trucks and the costs for two locations are estimated at € 200 million a year. A force of 30 men loads the trucks for the 400 km journey between the two locations. Around 5,000 persons attached to the European Parliament is also shifting between Brussels and Strasbourg, parliamentarians, advisors, clerks and journalists. Most of the parliamentarians are against using Strasbourg and various initiatives have been taken over the years to have Brussels as the sole location, the latest is a EU wide petition.

The main offices and governing bodies are:

• President
• Vice-Presidents
• Bureau
• Conference of Presidents
• Quaestors
• Conference of Committee Chairmen
• Conference of Delegation Chairmen

 List of Committees

 

Internal affairs

• BUDG - Committee on Budgets
• CONT - Committee on Budgetary Control
• ECON - Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs
• EMPL - Committee on Employment and Social Affairs
• ENVI -   Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
• ITRE -   Committee on Industry, Research and Energy
• IMCO - Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection
• TRAN - Committee on Transport and Tourism
• REGI -  Committee on Regional Development
• AGRI -  Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development
• PECH - Committee on Fisheries
• CULT - Committee on Culture and Education
• JURI -  Committee on Legal Affairs
• LIBE -  Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
• AFCO -Committee on Constitutional Affairs
• FEMM -Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality
• PETI -   Committee on Petitions

External affairs

• AFET - Committee on Foreign Affairs
  • DROI - Subcommittee on Human Rights
  • SEDE - Subcommittee on Security and Defence
• DEVE - Committee on Development
• INTA -  Committee on International Trade

European Parliament party groups are distinct from the corresponding European political parties, although they are intimately linked. Usually, the European parties also have member parties from European countries which are not members of the European Union. At the start of Parliament's sixth term in 2004 there were seven groups, as well as a number of non-aligned members, known as non-inscrits.